History of Thanksgiving

The celebration we now popularly regard as the "First Thanksgiving"
was the Pilgrims' three-day feast celebrated in early November of 1621
(although a day of thanks in America was observed in Virginia at Cape
Henry in 1607). The first Thanksgiving to God in the Calvinist
tradition in Plymouth Colony was actually celebrated during the summer
of 1623, when the colonists declared a Thanksgiving holiday after
their crops were saved by much-needed rainfall.

The Pilgrims left Plymouth, England, on September 6, 1620, sailing for
a new world that offered the promise of both civil and religious
liberty. For almost three months, 102 seafarers braved harsh elements
to arrive off the coast of what is now Massachusetts, in late November
of 1620. On December 11, prior to disembarking at Plymouth Rock, they
signed the "Mayflower Compact," America's original document of civil
government and the first to introduce self-government.

The Pilgrims were Separatists, America's Calvinist Protestants, who
rejected the institutional Church of England. They believed that the
worship of God must originate in the inner man, and that corporate
forms of worship prescribed by man interfered with the establishment
of a true relationship with God. The Separatists used the term
"church" to refer to the people, the Body of Christ, not to a building
or institution. As their Pastor John Robinson said, "[When two or
three are] gathered in the name of Christ by a covenant made to walk
in all the way of God known unto them as a church...."

Upon landing in America, the Pilgrims conducted a prayer service, then
quickly turned to building shelters. Starvation and sickness during
the ensuing New England winter killed almost half their population,
but through prayer and hard work, with the assistance of their Indian
friends, the Pilgrims reaped a rich harvest in the summer of 1621.
Most of what we know about the Pilgrim Thanksgiving of 1621 comes from
original accounts of the young colony's leaders, Governor William
Bradford and Master Edward Winslow, in their own hand.

"They begane now to gather in ye small harvest they had, and to fitte
up their houses and dwellings against winter, being well recovered in
health & strenght, and had all things in good plenty; for some were
thus imployed in affairs abroad, others were excersised in fishing,
aboute codd, & bass, & other fish, of which yey tooke good store, of
which every family had their portion. All ye somer ther was no wante.
And now begane to come in store of foule, as winter aproached, of
which this place did abound when they came first (but afterward
decreased by degree). And besids water foule, ther was great store of
wild Turkies, of which they took many, besids venison, &c. Besids they
had aboute a peck a meale a weeke to a person, or now since harvest,
Indean corne to yt proportion. Which made many afterwards write so
largly of their plenty hear to their freinds in England, which were
not fained, but true reports." - W.B. (William Bradford)

"Our Corne did proue well, & God be praysed, we had a good increase of
Indian Corne, and our Barly indifferent good, but our Pease not worth
the gathering, for we feared they were too late sowne, they came vp
very well, and blossomed, but the Sunne parched them in the blossome;
our harvest being gotten in, our Governour sent foure men on fowling,
that so we might after a more speciall manner reioyce together, after
we had gathered the fruit of our labors; they foure in one day killed
as much fowle, as with a little helpe beside, served the Company
almost a weeke, at which time amongst other Recreations, we exercised
our Armes, many of the Indians coming amongst vs, and among the rest
their greatest King Massasoyt, with some nintie men, whom for three
dayes we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed fiue
Deere, which they brought to the Plantation and bestowed upon our
Governour, and upon the Captaine, and others. And although it be not
alwayes so plentifull, as it was at this time with vs, yet by the
goodneses of God, we are so farre from want, that we often wish you
partakers of our plenty." - E.W. (Edward Winslow) Plymouth, in New
England, this 11th of December, 1621.

The feast included foods suitable for a head table of honored guests,
such as the chief men of the colony and Native leaders Massasoit
("Great Leader" also known as Ousamequin "Yellow Feather"), the sachem
(chief) of Pokanoket (Pokanoket is the area at the head of
Narragansett Bay). Venison, wild fowl, turkeys and Indian corn were
the staples of the meal, which likely also included other food items
known to have been aboard the Mayflower or available in Plymouth, such
as spices, Dutch cheese, wild grapes, lobster, cod, native melons,
pumpkin (pompion) and rabbit.

By the mid-17th century, the custom of autumnal Thanksgivings was
established throughout New England. Observance of Thanksgiving
Festivals began to spread southward during the American Revolution, as
the newly established Congress officially recognized the need to
celebrate this holy day.

The first Thanksgiving Proclamation was issued by the revolutionary
Continental Congress on November 1, 1777. Authored by Samuel Adams, it
was one sentence of 360 words which read in part: "Forasmuch as it is
the indispensable duty of all men to adore the superintending
providence of Almighty God; to acknowledge with gratitude their
obligation to him for benefits received....together with penitent
confession of their sins, whereby they had forfeited every favor; and
their humble and earnest supplications that it may please God through
the merits of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of
remembrance.....it is therefore recommended...to set apart Thursday
the eighteenth day of December next, for solemn thanksgiving and
praise, that with one heart and one voice the good people may express
the grateful feeling of their hearts and consecrate themselves to the
service of their Divine Benefactor...acknowledging with gratitude
their obligations to Him for benefits received....To prosper the means
of religion, for the promotion and enlargement of that kingdom which
consisteth 'in righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Ghost'."

It was one-hundred and eighty years after the first day of
thanksgiving in America, that our Founding Fathers officially
recognized the day by proclamation of the Constitutional government.
Soon after adopting the Bill of Rights, a motion in Congress to
initiate the proclamation of a national day of thanksgiving was
approved.

Congressional Record, September 25, 1789

"Mr. [Elias] Boudinot (who was the President of Congress during the
American Revolution) said he could not think of letting the
congressional session pass over without offering an opportunity to all
the citizens of the United States of joining with one voice in
returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings
He had poured down upon them. With this view, therefore, he would
move the following resolution:

Resolved, That a joint committee of both Houses be directed to wait
upon the President of the United States to request that he would
recommend to the people of the United States a day of public
thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful
hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God....

"Mr. [Roger] Sherman (a signer of both the Declaration of Independence
and the Constitution) justified the practice of thanksgiving on any
signal event not only as a laudable one in itself, but as warranted by
a number of precedents in Holy Writ....This example he thought worthy
of a Christian imitation on the present occasion; and he would agree
with the gentleman who moved the resolution....The question was put on
the resolution and it was carried in the affirmative."

This resolution was delivered to President George Washington, who
readily agreed with its suggestion and put forth the following
proclamation by his signature:

A NATIONAL THANKSGIVING

Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence
of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits,
and humbly to implore His protection and favor; and
Whereas both Houses of Congress have, by their joint committee,
requested me "to recommend to the people of the United States a day of
public thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with
grateful hearts the many and signal favors of Almighty God, especially
by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of
government for their safety and happiness":

Now, therefore, I do recommend and assign Thursday, the 26th day of
November next, to be devoted by the people of these States to the
service of that great and glorious Being who is the Beneficent Author
of all the good that was, that is, or that will be; that we may then
all unite in rendering unto Him our sincere and humble thanks for His
kind care and protection of the people of this country previous to
their becoming a nation; for the signal and manifold mercies and the
favorable interpositions of His providence in the course and
conclusion of the late war; for the great degree of tranquillity,
union, and plenty which we have since enjoyed; for the peaceable and
rational manner in which we have been enabled to establish
constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and
particularly the national one now lately instituted; for the civil and
religious liberty with which we are blessed, and the means we have of
acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge; and, in general, for all the
great and various favors which He has been pleased to confer upon us.

And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers
and supplication to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations, and beseech
Him to pardon our national and other transgressions; to enable us all,
whether in public or private stations, to perform our several and
relative duties properly and punctually; to render our national
government a blessing to all the people by constantly being a
government of wise, just and constitutional laws, discreetly and
faithfully executed and obeyed; to protect and guide all sovereigns
and nations (especially such as have shown kindness to us), and to
bless them with good governments, peace, and concord; to promote the
knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue, and the increase
of science among them and us; and, generally, to grant unto all
mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as He alone knows to be
best.

Given under my hand, at the city of New York, the 3d day of October,
AD 1789

George Washington


After 1815, prophetically, there were no further annual proclamations
of Thanksgiving until the Civil War, when Abraham Lincoln declared
November 26, 1863, the last Thursday in November, a Day of
Thanksgiving. In early July of 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg had
occurred, taking some 60,000 American lives, and President Lincoln
traveled to the battlefield four months afterward, in November, to
deliver the "Gettysburg Address." Deeply moved by the sacrifice of
these soldiers, Lincoln first committed his life to Christ while
walking among the graves there. He later explained:

"When I left Springfield [to become President] I asked the people to
pray for me. I was not a Christian. When I buried my son, the
severest trial of my life, I was not a Christian. But when I went to
Gettysburg and saw the graves of thousands of our soldiers, I then and
there consecrated myself to Christ."

During this time of internal strife in the United States, and at this
turning point in his own spiritual life, President Lincoln issued the
following proclamation.


PROCLAMATION OF THANKSGIVING BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA

The year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the
blessings of fruitful years and healthful skies. To these bounties,
which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the Source
from which they come, others have been added which are of so
extraordinary a nature that they can not fail to penetrate and soften
even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful
providence....

In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which
has sometimes seemed to foreign states to invite and to provoke their
aggression, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been
maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has
prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military conflict,
while that theater has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies
and navies of the Union.

Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of
peaceful industry to the national defense have not arrested the plow,
the shuttle, or the ship; the ax has enlarged the borders of our
settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the
precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than theretofore.

Population has steadily increased notwithstanding the waste that has
been made in the camp, the siege, and the battlefield, and the
country, rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and
vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of years with large increase
of freedom.

No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out
these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God,
who while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless
remembered mercy. It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should
be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged, as with one
heart and one voice, by the whole American people. I do therefore
invite my fellow-citizens in every part of the United States, and also
those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to
set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a day of
thanksgiving and praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the
heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the
ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and
blessings they do also, with humble penitence for our national
perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those
who have become widows, orphans, mourners, or sufferers in the
lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and
fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the
wounds of the nation and to restore it, as soon as may be consistent
with the Divine purposes, to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony,
tranquillity, and union.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal
of the United States to be affixed.

Abraham Lincoln

(October 3, 1863, passed by an Act of Congress.)


That proclamation was repeated for the following 75 years by every
subsequent president, until 1939, when Franklin D. Roosevelt moved
Thanksgiving Day up one week earlier than had been tradition, to
appease merchants who wanted more time to feed the growing
pre-Christmas consumer frenzy. Folding to congressional pressure two
years later, Roosevelt signed a resolution returning Thanksgiving to
the fourth Thursday of November, as Congress in 1941 permanently set
the fourth Thursday of each November as our national day of
Thanksgiving.

Roosevelt's inclination to manipulate Thanksgiving for commercial
interests foretold much of the secular nature of "thanksgiving" to
come. But, amid the oppression of secular materialism in advance of
that December day when we give thanks for the birth of Christ,
oppression vastly different but somehow remarkably similar to that
experienced by our Pilgrim forefathers, we are still at our core, a
nation deeply blessed by God. In our age of great, widespread
physical and material comfort, our deepest deficits are spiritual ones
-- most especially, a lack of accurate perception of the depth and
breadth of the bounties that God alone has bestowed upon us. Too
often, we look to government as the provider and guarantor of the many
blessings we enjoy, rather than to our Heavenly Father. And, also too
often, we forget to gratefully cherish the best of our national
blessings, that liberty for which our Pilgrim forebears were willing
to risk all comfort and security. As Abraham Lincoln noted so many
years ago, "...[It is] announced in the Holy Scriptures and proven by
all history, that those nations are blessed whose God is the
Lord....It has seemed to me fit and proper that God should be
solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged, as with one heart
and one voice, by the whole American people."

On this Day of Thanksgiving, may God rest your heart and mind, may He
bless and keep you and your family, and may He continue to extend His
blessings upon our great nation, guiding us one and all by His Word.
May He impress upon us the spirit of our forefathers, their soul-deep
craving for freedom, expressed with courage and wisdom, as we meet the
particular challenges of our days.

"No people on earth have more cause to be thankful than ours, and this
is said reverently, in no spirit of boastfulness in our own strength,
but with the gratitude to the Giver of good who has blessed us."
--Theodore Roosevelt


And let us always approach our Heavenly Father with true thankfulness
-- not just today, but every day -- by acknowledging our utter
dependence on Him to supply our wants and needs, for in Him we live
and move and have our being. Even self-reliance is, at its root,
reliance on Him:

"Be anxious for nothing, but in everything by prayer and supplication,
with thanksgiving, let your requests be made known to God; and the
peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your
hearts and minds through Christ Jesus." --Philippians 4:6-7

From the Publisher, the Editorial Board and The Federalist staff.
(Reprint permission granted.)